In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary Tape became a hero of the Asian American civil rights movement. In January of that year, she won an antidiscrimination case in the California Supreme Court. _______ in April, she wrote an open letter criticizing her local board of education for discrimination. Both actions are remembered today as historic stands against racism.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Seven species of sea turtle exist today.
* Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
* One of those species is the Kemp's ridley sea turtle.
* Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii.
* Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle.
* Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle species. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author.
* The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels.
* Selvon published the novel in 1956.
* It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.
* Some of The Lonely Londoners' characters also appear in Selvon's later novel Moses Ascending.

The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely Londoners to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.
* She was born in Coyoacan, Mexico, in 1907.
* She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits.
* The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting together.
* One version wears a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress.

The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the artist. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars.
* It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece.
* Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.
* Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.

The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades' appearance changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France's modernist masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter. _______ Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
* He uses the term "flauna" to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings.
* "Flauna" is a combination of the words "flora" and "fauna."
* His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
* His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.

The student wants to provide an explanation and example of "flauna." Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
* It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
* The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal members in 1992.
* Its mission is stated on its website: "As a tribal museum and heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge."

The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

To explore how blinking affects social interactions, Dutch researchers observed interactions between human speakers and "listeners" (animated human faces on a screen). The researchers found that when the listeners blinked slowly, the speakers tended to talk for less time. ________ quicker blinks were associated with longer talking times.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In the early 1900s, Jovita Idar fought injustice on both sides of the Mexico-United States border. As a reporter for the Texas newspaper La Cronica, she voiced support for the Mexican people's revolt against authoritarian rule. ________ she found the League of Mexican Women, a group that advocated for the rights of Mexican Americans.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, deep dives present a challenge for seals and other marine mammals. A seal must exert enough energy to propel itself hundreds of meters downward, while keeping its heart rate low enough that it doesn't run out of oxygen while underwater. ________ a seal moves its flippers as little as possible on a deep dive, gliding to conserve energy.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? 

"O2 Arena," an award-winning science fiction story by Nigerian author Oghenechowwe Donald Ekpeki, takes place in an alternate version of Nigeria where breathable air is a rare commodity that is owned and sold by companies. ______ people must purchase it with currency called O2 credits.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963 March on Washington.
* Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march's organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for President Truman.
* Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.
* Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the march.
* Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.

The student wants to compare the two women's contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

By 1936, Spanish Romani dancer Carmen Amaya was known all over Spain for her powerful style of flamenco dancing. However, in July of that year, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War made it difficult for her to perform in her home country. _______ Amaya left Spain to perform abroad, dancing for audiences across North and South America.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In response to adverse environmental conditions, many plants produce abscisic acid (ABA), a stress hormone. ABA triggers a slowdown in the biological processes of most plants. _________ when the mustard plant Schrenkiella parvula produces ABA in response to an environmental stressor, the hormone triggers accelerated growth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Organisms have evolved a number of surprising adaptations to ensure their survival in adverse conditions. Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) embryos, ________ can pause development for over ten years during extended periods of drought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.
* It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
* It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
* In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile refrigeration system.
* It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
* It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard's invention and Jones's invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Archaeologist Sue Brunning explains why the seventh-century ship burial site at Sutton Hoo in England was likely the tomb of a king. First, the gold artifacts inside the ship suggest that the person buried with them was a wealthy and respected leader. ________ the massive effort required to bury the ship would likely only have been undertaken for a king.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming alone.
* The physics behind this energy savings hasn't always been well understood.
* Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck's wake.
* The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake's waves.
* Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%.

The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The number of dark spots that appear on the Sun, known as sunspots, can vary greatly. For example, there were about 180 sunspots in November 2001. ________ there were only about 2 sunspots in December 2008.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In the art world, the term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every two years in a single location.
* Such biennials are held in New York, Berlin, and Venice.
* In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the unconventional MexiCali Biennial.
* The MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on both sides of the US-Mexico border.
* The MexiCali Biennial has taken place on an uneven schedule, with exhibitions in 2006, 2009-10, 2013, and 2018-20.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

With darkness falling, a mother elephant loses sight of her calf and wants to make sure it is safe. _________ she releases an infrasonic call for the calf to hear. Infrasonic sound is below the range of human hearing, but many animals can hear these sounds from several miles away.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Eitel Adnan was a Lebanese American poet and artist known for making many leporellos.
* A leporello is an artist's book that is folded accordion style.
* When the book is expanded, the artist's work is revealed, and its zigzag shape allows it to stand on its own.
* Her leporello December from My Window (1993) features a panoramic landscape.
* It is painted using ink and watercolor.

The student wants to describe Adnan's December from My Window to an audience already familiar with leporellos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Arkansas aviator Louise Thaden was already a record breaker when she won the inaugural National Women's Air Derby, a race from California to Ohio, in August of 1929. _________ in December of 1928, Thaden had set an aviation record when she reached an altitude of 20,269 feet in a Travel Air biplane.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In 2018, Kurt Luther and Vikram Mohanty created the web-based tool Civil War Photo Sleuth (CWPS). A user uploading an unknown Civil War soldier's photograph to CWPS first tags the photo with all known information. _________ CWPS's facial-recognition software analyzes twenty-seven different physical features and looks for matches to tagged images already in the database.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?