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Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of finding gold nuggets in streambeds, the state's richest deposits were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual prospectors. ________ by 1852, many had given up their fortune-hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the large companies capable of managing California's complex mining operations.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Researchers Helena Mihaljevic-Brandt, Lucia Santamaria, and Marco Tullney report that while mathematicians may have traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite direction. _______ mathematicians are choosing to collaborate with their peers--a trend illustrated by a rise in the number of mathematics publications credited to multiple authors.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In the 1850s, William Still was instrumental in helping nearly 1,000 people escape from slavery, earning him the moniker, "the Father of the Underground Railroad." ________ despite the fame of his contributions during his lifetime, Still is discussed far less today than other prominent Black abolitionists from his era, such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* J.R.R. Tolkien's 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.
* The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest.
* This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.
* The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters' journey.
* That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.

The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

With its cliched imagery of suburban lawns and power lines, John Ashbery's 2004 poem "ignorance of the Law Is No Excuse" may seem barren terrain for critical analysis. _________ cultural critic Lauren Berlant finds fertile ground in just its first two stanzas, devoting most of a book chapter to deciphering the "weight of the default space" Ashbery creates in this poem.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.
* Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores.
* Canadian paleobiological Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.
* Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a "transitional fossil."
* The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

The student wants to emphasize the fossil's significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

With her room-sized installation The Interstitium, Iranian American artist Laleh Mehran succeeded in creating a space that felt, as intended, both "familiar and distant." ________ with a video screen placed at the far end of the coal slag-encrusted room, her installation was reminiscent of a typical movie theater--albeit one found in a subterranean coal mine.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly's abdomen to produce a glow. _______ when the firefly stops drawing in oxygen, the reaction--and the glow--cease.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands.
* Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.
* Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated.
* Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
* Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
* A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
* Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
* A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
* A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.

The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Cambodia's Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
* It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
* Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a photograph.
* Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat's plaster walls.
* Tan's analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.

The student wants to present Tan's research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light.
* Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced.
* Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.
* The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light was built in 1968.
* It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built to provide synchrotron light. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind.
* In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.
* Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits material.
* A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base.
* A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at different rates.

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of those who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ________ the debate was ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic young senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching on the new medium of television.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their fishy smell but also protects them from crushing hydrostatic pressure in deep waters. Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the bonds between water molecules in a fish's body. ________ these water molecules maintain their linked structure at extreme depths, thus preventing pressure-related damage.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 1978, Sami activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.
* The dam would disrupt Sami fishing and reindeer herding.
* The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
* It brought international attention to the issue of Sami rights.
* It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sami rights to lands, waters, and resources.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.
* C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.
* They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.
* S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
* They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland's more than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved--nearly 3,000 km--mark Iceland's volcanoes as extreme outliers; ________ many of Earth's volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the surface.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Cecilia Vicu$\hat{\text{n}}$a is a multidisciplinary artist.
* In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
* Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
* Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
* She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.

The student wants to introduce the artist's 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer, the term "monopsony" can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. In a product monopsony, the single buyer can force sellers to lower their prices. ________ in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to accept lower wages.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic visual experience than computer-generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the "real thing" can be prohibitively expensive. ________ many filmmakers use a blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible and CGI elements as necessary to control costs.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
* Some insisologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
* Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
* Other insisologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having at least 50 permanent residents.
* Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists' definition of an island. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe.
* Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to design buildings for Duke University's new campus.
* Most of the buildings on Duke's campus were designed in the Gregorian or neo-Gothic architectural styles.
* At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the buildings.
* Based on the buildings' architectural styles, historians believe Abele designed most of the campus buildings.

The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke's campus buildings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain's olfactory system.
* They devised a study using mathematical models.
* They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.
* In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at a given moment.
* In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.

The student wants to summarize the study's findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas