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When, in the 1800s, geologists first realized that much of Earth had once been covered by great sheets of ice, some theorized that the phenomenon was cyclical, occurring at regular intervals. Each Ice Age is so destructive, though, that it largely erases the geological evidence of its predecessor. ________ geologists were unable to confirm the theory of cyclical Ice Ages until the 1960s.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
"Tulip mania"--the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam--is often cited as an example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However, recent research has demonstrated that the episode was neither as frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. The popular myth surrounding it, _________ should be regarded with some skepticism.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa.
* Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland.
* Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.
* The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.
* Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans.
* The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest examples of writing in East Africa.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Claude McKay (1889-1948) was a Jamaican American writer.
* Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Costab Ballads (1912) are two acclaimed poetry collections that McKay published while living in Jamaica.
* McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914.
* He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s.
* His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928).
The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay's accomplishments before moving to Harlem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US.
* The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace.
* Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution.
* This theory is called the influence theory.
* Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
Earth's auroras--colorful displays of light seen above the northern and southern poles--result, broadly speaking, from the Sun's activity. ________ the Sun releases charged particles that are captured by Earth's magnetic field and channeled toward the poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing the atoms to emit auroral light.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera companies have been European men, but a new, more diverse generation of artists is stepping up to the podium. Mexico's Alondra de la Parra took over as conductor for the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in 2017, _________ and Colombia's Lina Gonzalez-Granados did the same for the Los Angeles Opera in 2022.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions.
* 81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.
* 81P/Wild's orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.
* The comet's orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions.
* He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use.
* Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02.
* He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74.
* The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.
The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky.
* This spot is called the meteor shower's radiant.
* The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.
* Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant.
* Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.
The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower's name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
* They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the Americas.
* Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
* The researchers think that "a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources" such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
* This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651).
* The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles.
* This area included present-day Iran and Iraq.
* The empire's capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon.
* Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world market.
* Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.
* At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
* At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
* According to Tsing, "Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear."
The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long.
* An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2 miles.
* The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New Zealand.
* The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany.
The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate patient confidentiality.
* Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student policies that mention social media use.
* Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly available student policies.
* Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable social media use.
The student wants to emphasize the study's methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars.
* NASA's rovers can't explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles.
* Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet's surface.
* Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars.
* Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.
The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
Establishing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is no easy task. Each month, readings of a single second from atomic clocks around the world are taken and sent to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in France.
_________ BIPM metrologists perform the meticulous work of assembling these minutely disparate readings into a globally shared time standard.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it.
* In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants.
* Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
* The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
* One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet's upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.
The student wants to present the study's findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity--the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents--in language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned. ________ the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor studied: sign frequency.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn't reject traditional forms entirely; her poem "Elegy for a Woman of No Importance" consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this superficially traditional work, _________ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman rather than a famous man.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations.
* Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see.
* Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see.
* Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on one side than the other.
* These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the country, their dream remains unrealized. _________ of the handful of maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.
* Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
* Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
* She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
* Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
* She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.
The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen's and Rodrigues's work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Shaun Tan is an Australian author.
* In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories.
* The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban neighborhoods.
* In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short stories.
* The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban settings.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
* Wool is a natural--and economically important--fiber that is obtained from animals like sheep.
* Australia is a leading producer of wool.
* The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds.
* Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
* Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
* Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets.
The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Reading and Writing
Expression of Ideas
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