While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
* Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
* She described trees as "super-cooperators."
* In the 2022 study "The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?," mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies.
* They write that CMNs "have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence."

The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
* He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
* A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
* Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
* He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE).
* The wok's round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
* The wok's high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
* Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
* Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.

The student wants to describe the wok's shape. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Roughly 96% of Australia's estimated 200,000 animal species are invertebrates.
* Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants, are estimated to total 14,800 species in Australia.
* Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and weevils, are estimated to total 28,200 species in Australia.
* Some of these invertebrates' populations are threatened by invasive bird and fish species.

The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia's invertebrate animals are classified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants.
* The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that country lived in the US in 1890.
* This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
* Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
* The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.

The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how natural landscapes influence human cultures. _________ Sauer argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development by virtue of their interactions with the environment.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
* The city's population is 907,802.
* Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia's population.
* Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
* The city's population is 7,781,631.
* Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam's population.

The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals' populations. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals' populations?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware.
* His huge painting (149 x 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.
* In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikosiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People.
* Monkman's huge painting (132 x 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze's.
* It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby stars.
* His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun.
* The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800$^{\circ}$F, which classifies it as a G star.
* 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900$^{\circ}$F (cooler than the Sun).
* 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300$^{\circ}$F (hotter than the Sun).

The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.
* A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles.
* One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
* It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
* Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was "to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry."

The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The more diverse and wide ranging an animal's behaviors, the larger and more energy demanding the animal's brain tends to be. _________ from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to growing and maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within colonies provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
* In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert.
* She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs.
* She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs.
* She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.

The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
* It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
* It is roughly 33 miles long.
* The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
* It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
* It is about 31 miles long.

The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
* PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
* Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.
* The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
* Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevantinformation from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories.
* She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.
* A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United States.
* Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India.

The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. _________ upon analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of Rome's National Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the compound sodium carbonate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
* She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
* Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
* When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.

The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers Michael Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath attempted to answer three questions. ______ is there a period each day when the pulse rates of jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond more slowly to stimuli during that period? Finally, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish adversely affected?

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Although novels and poems are considered distinct literary forms, many authors have created hybrid works that incorporate elements of both. Bernardine Evaristo's The Emperor's Babe, _____ is a verse novel, a book-length narrative complete with characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than prose.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter conditions.
* Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid -30 degrees Fahrenheit.
* Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters.
* During the tundra's short growing season, average temperatures can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
* Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra.

The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The envelope-shaped paper bags common in the US 150 years ago were impractical for carrying goods. ________ because they were the only paper bags that could be mass-produced, these bags dominated the market. That all changed in the 1870s, when industrial designer Margaret Knight patented a machine to make flat-bottomed, foldable, paper bags.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of unseen ideal forms. In his view, such abstract, nonmaterial forms are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing that knowledge is best obtained through direct engagement with the material world; ________ sensory experience of the material is the ultimate source of knowledge.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. ________ contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals.
* It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn't dive into the water for prey.
* One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water.
* Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force.
* This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists.
* Their "Women and the Vote" website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house.
* Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.
* One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.
* The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the "Women and the Vote" format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?