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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on aus' success in landing at cliffside nesting sites.
* They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a successful landing.
* When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.
* In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
* In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.

The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
* He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
* VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
* The series was celebrated for its inventive video game-centric world and high-quality special effects.
* VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong's award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery.
* The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt's Dakhla Oasis.
* The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago.
* The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it.

The student wants to explain the origin of the species' name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1933, the Twentieth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified. The amendment mandates that presidential inaugurations be held on January 20, approximately ten weeks after the November election. ________ this amendment requires newly elected US senators and representatives to be sworn into their respective offices on January 3.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

When Chinese director Chloe Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history. _______ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars, making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Oijbwe author David Treuer.
* In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that "Treuer's storytelling skills shine" and that the book is an "elegant handling of [a] complex narrative."
* A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it "a marvel of research and storytelling."
* A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it "a monumental achievement."

The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer's book. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs.
* Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both.
* The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for "In My Life," is disputed.
* Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs.
* They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for "In My Life," stating that the verse is "consistent with Lennon's songwriting style."

The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
* Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
* Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
* The instructions for Meditation V state, "walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears."
* Those for Meditation XVIII state, "listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it."

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros's Sonic Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo's evocative photo series, one's mind might wander off to the cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it's the series' title, Flying Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth, reminding the viewer that each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar household object: a frying pan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.
* Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all marine species.
* Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and clown triggerfish.
* The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.
* It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.

The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 2009, the Craft and Folk Art Museum in Los Angeles hosted a special exhibition, Suefos/Yume, showcasing the works of local sculptor Dora de Larios. As suggested by the show's title (suefos and yume mean "dreams" in Spanish and Japanese, respectively), de Larios's art reflects a mix of cultural influences. _______ her work is grounded in the artistic traditions of both Mexico and Japan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their own. First, the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. _______ she will lay up to 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all with sand, before returning to the ocean.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Jordan Bennett is a Mi'Kmaq visual artist.
* The Mi'Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
* Bennett's paintings pay homage to traditional Mi'Kmaq craftsmanship and have been displayed in over 75 exhibitions.
* His 2017 exhibition Wife'wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
* His 2018 exhibition Ketu'elmita'jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan Bennett's exhibitions were held. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
* The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
* It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
* It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to "plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia" under King James.
* Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era (1897-1920).
* Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
* She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.
* She examined thousands of pages of the company's internal communications, including letters and financial records.
* Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company's unfair business practices.

The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell's investigation of the Standard Oil Company. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Novelist Villa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
* Some of Cather's best-known novels are set in Nebraska.
* Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Antonia (1918).
* Cather's novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled in the Great Plains.

The student wants to identify the setting of Cather's novel My Antonia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). ________ she attached electrodes to the volunteers' faces to record their eye movements during sleep.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.
* The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
* A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of grain.
* The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.

The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pasratum ("unwinding"), they found that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ________ the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended effects, theorized that the dish's name, "unwinding," referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Before California's 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman's Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs.
________ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California's largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
* In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
* Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.
* This number is believed to be the park's carrying capacity.
* Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific environment's resources can sustain over time.

The student wants to specify the number of gray wolves in Yellowstone. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff began interviewing fellow Arab American immigrants about their experiences straddling two cultures. Over the next few decades, Naff conducted more than 450 such interviews, also known as oral histories. ________ she collected photographs and other artifacts that represented her subjects' experiences.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in India's Bandipur National Park.
* They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.
* They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.
* In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.
* In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.

The student wants to present the study's results. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hairs on a spider's leg. These spatulae temporarily bond with the atoms of whatever they touch. _______ spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surface.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Jhumpa Lahiri's story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In "This Blessed House," newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. __________ in "A Temporary Matter," a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas