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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.
* This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees' immune systems.
* On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
* Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
* On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* One of history's greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
* It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world's knowledge.
* Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere and translated them into Arabic.
* Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
* The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.

The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world's knowledge. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, _________ lose their needles every fall.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and fled to Union-army-occupied St. Simons Island off the Georgia coast.
* She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.
* In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the regiment.
* Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black woman.
* It is still available to readers in print and online.

The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor's accomplishment. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Because an achiral molecule is symmetrical, flipping it yields a structurally identical molecule. A flipped chiral molecule, _______ can be compared to a glove that has been turned inside out: it produces a structurally inverted molecule rather than an identical one.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Etched into Peru's Nazca Desert are line drawings so large that they can only be fully seen from high above. Archaeologists have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted some from a nearby football, and they have been studying the markings ever since. __________ archaeologists' efforts are aided by drones that capture high-resolution aerial photographs of the lines.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the Phoenicians (an ancient civilization located in present-day Lebanon). The Phoenicians were famous for using this natural dye to color their clothes a distinctive purple. __________ the name "Phoenicia" itself, some historians claim, may have originally meant "land of purple."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transistion?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large arches that help support a building's exterior walls. Before the Gothic era, cathedrals' heavy ceilings had to be supported by thick, short walls, but the invention of flying buttresses eliminated this need. _________ Gothic cathedrals could be built with thinner, higher walls.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its intended use. _______ earthenware clay is often used for decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable than other clays.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Allan Houser was a Chirachua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and painter.
* Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.
* He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a distinctive style that influenced many other artists.
* His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the State of Oklahoma license plate.

The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser's sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. _________ collecting this fee could be slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Okot p'Bitek's poem Song of Lawino (1966) explores postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a rural village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology, the poem inspired a generation of East African writers. __________ those who adopted its style are often referred to as Okot School poets.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano to be Earth's largest shield volcano by volume, measuring approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. __________ according to a 2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, Hawaii's Puhahonu shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic kilometers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal.
* Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate the Azores.
* A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores as early as the ninth century.
* The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia.
* House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.

The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873-1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, __________ he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon's coast are from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697. Stories passed down among the area's Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians support this belief. ___________ Siletz stories describe how blocks of beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
* The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
* Equiano's book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
* The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.
* Sinclair's book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize the difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
* Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
* It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
* Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
* It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. __________ based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have arrived more than 30,000 years ago--much earlier than previously thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn't make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. __________ in 1983, the bill passed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

For years, biologists have experimented with using prime-eating bacteria rather than harsh chemicals to clean artworks, and results have been impressive overall. _______ these bacterial strains--which can metabolize centuries' worth of oil, glue, dirt, and other surface impurities without creating harmful byproducts--have proven more effective than traditional chemical cleaning methods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
* It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
* Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
* Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
* Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).

The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal observed that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end points, a finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ________ scientists had assumed that the brain was a continuous web of fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Award-winning travel writer Linda Watanabe McFerrin considers the background research she conducts on destinations featured in her travel books to be its own reward. ________ McFerrin admits to finding the research phase of her work just as fascinating and engaging as exploring a location in person.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court's oral arguments, concerned that the participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). __________ the justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas