A standard Argo float, a type of autonomous robot, measures temperature and salinity in the upper regions of ice-free oceans. More advanced floats can measure a wider range of ________ and monitor seasonal ice zones.

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Swedish scientists Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann developed a method for measuring the concentration of different proteins in a biological sample. Their ________ ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), is used to detect and measure proteins that indicate the presence of certain diseases.

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in the 2011 documentary _The Barber of Birmingham_, civil rights activist James Armstrong recounts how his barbershop in Birmingham, Alabama, ________ as a political hub for members of the Black community during the 1950s.

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In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn inspiration from the classic nineteenth-century fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Her 2014 novel _Boy, Snow, Bird_, for instance, is a complex retelling of the story of Snow White, while her 2019 novel _________ offers a delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel and Gretel.

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The field of geological oceanography owes much to American ________ Marie Tharp, a pioneering oceanographic cartographer whose detailed topographical maps of the ocean floor and its multiple rift valleys helped garner acceptance for the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift.

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Occupying a significant part of modern-day Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin was one of the major powers in West Africa between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. It ________ ruled by Oba Ewuare I from 1440 to 1473.

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Scientists believe that, unlike most other species of barnacle, turtle barnacles (Chelonibia testudinari) can dissolve the cement-like secretions they use to attach ________ to a sea turtle shell, enabling the barnacles to move short distances across the shell's surface.

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American writer Edwidge Danticat, who emigrated from Haiti in 1981, has won acclaim for her powerful short stories, novels, and ________ her lyrical yet unflinching depictions of her native country's turbulent history, writer Robert Antoni has compared Danticat to Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison.

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Luci Tapahonso is the inaugural poet laureate of the Navajo Nation. Her book Saanil Dahataal/The Women Are Singing-- a combination of fiction, memoir, poetry, and ________ serves as a testament to her versatility as a writer.

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American poet Emily Dickinson wrote many of her poems on scraps of paper, but she also took steps to collect these works. From 1858 to around 1864, for example, she copied more than 800 of ________ into forty homemade booklets (known as fascicles).

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Hegra is an archaeological site in present-day Saudi Arabia and was the second largest city of the Nabataean Kingdom (fourth century BCE to first century CE). Archaeologist Laila Nehme recently traveled to Hegra to study its ancient ________ into the rocky outcrops of a vast desert, these burial chambers seem to blend seamlessly with nature.

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The Progressive Era in the United States witnessed the rise of numerous Black women's clubs, local organizations that advocated for racial and gender equality. Among the clubs' leaders ________ Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, founder of the Women's Era Club of Boston.

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In 2000, Nora de Hoyos Comstock, herself an owner of a successful consulting firm, sought to increase Latina representation in corporate ________ founded Las Comadres para las Americas, an international community that for over two decades has served as a resource and information network for Latina business professionals.

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Author Madeline L'Engle, ________ to create a suspenseful tone that draws the reader in, begins her novel A Wrinkle in Time with descriptions of "wraithlike shadows" and "the frenzied hashing of the wind."

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Both Sona Charapotra, an Indian American, and Dhonielle Clayton, an African American, grew up frustrated by the lack of diverse characters in books for young people. In 2011, these two writers joined forces to found CAKE Literary, a book packaging ________ specializes in the creation and promotion of stories told from diverse perspectives for children and young adults.

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Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo's debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, is composed of ________ protagonist, fifteen-year-old Xiomara Batista.

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A conceptual artist and designer embraced by both the art world and the fashion ________ Mary Ping was chosen to curate the exhibition Front Row: Chinese American Designers for the Museum of Chinese in America.

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In the late 1960s, inspired in part by the sight of laundry hanging on a clothesline, African American abstract painter Sam Gilliam began to create his iconic "Drape" paintings. He applied bold, saturated hues to large canvases and ________ them from ceilings or walls, causing the drooping fabric to cascade in dramatic loops and curves.

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In 1943, in the midst of World War II, mathematics professor Grace Hopper was recruited by the US military to help the war effort by solving complex equations. Hopper's subsequent career would involve more than just ________ as a pioneering computer programmer though: Hopper would help usher in the digital age.

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Even though bats prefer very sweet nectar, the plants that attract them have evolved to produce nectar that is only moderately sweet. A recent study ________ why: making sugar is energy-intensive, and it is more advantageous for plants to make a large amount of low-sugar nectar than a small amount of high-sugar nectar.

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Richard Spikes was a prolific African American inventor known for his contributions to automotive engineering. Between 1907 and 1946, he patented many inventions, ________ an automobile turn signal, a safety brake, and--most famously--the first automatic gearshift.

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Nigerian author Buchi Emecheta's celebrated literary oeuvre includes The Joys of Motherhood, a novel about the changing roles of women in 1950s ________ a television play about the private struggles of a newlywed couple in Nigeria; and Head Above Water, her autobiography.

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In 1976, the Inuit rock group Sikumiut recorded the album People of the Ice. Though only their first record, it shows a band already skilled at the difficult task of making music that sounds easy and fun. On songs like "Ultriumavunga," Lucassie Koperqualuk's guitar riffs effortlessly ________ Charlie Adams's delightfully catchy vocal melodies.

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Official measurements of the Mississippi River's length vary: according to the US Geologic Survey, the river is 2,300 miles long, whereas the Environmental Protection Agency records its length as 2,320 miles. This disparity can be explained in part by the fact that rivers such as the Mississippi expand and contract as ________ sediment.

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In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers, ________

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