In 1955, Indian Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray released his first movie, Pather ________ quiet black-and-white drama about a family in rural India. Ray's film was quite different from the loud, colorful action-romance movies that were popular at the time.

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The US Geological Survey wants to map every human-made structure in the United States, and it is asking volunteers to help. Cassie Tammy Wang and Ashish D'Souza are just two of the many volunteer map editors who ________ to the project since it began in 2012.

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The Arctic-Alpine Botanic Garden in Norway and the Jardim Botanico of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil are two of many botanical gardens around the world dedicated to growing diverse plant ________ fostering scientific research; and educating the public about plant conservation.

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The life spans of rockfish vary greatly by species. For instance, the colorful calico rockfish (Sebastes dall) can survive for a little over a ________ the rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) boasts a maximum life span of about two centuries.

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Seneca sculptor Marie Watt's blanket art comes in a range of shapes and sizes. In 2004, Watt sewed strips of blankets together to craft a 10-by-13-inch _______ in 2014, she arranged folded blankets into two large stacks and then cast them in bronze, creating two curving 18-foot-tall blue-bronze pillars.

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African American Percy Julian was a scientist and entrepreneur whose work helped people around the world to see. Named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years, ________ led to the first mass-produced treatment for glaucoma.

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In 2017, artists Isabel and Ruben Toledo redesigned the costumes and sets for The Miami City Ballet's production of The ________ to reviewers, the Toledos' designs helped infuse the production with elements of Miami's Latin American culture.

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It is generally true that technological change is a linear process, in which once-useful technologies are replaced by new and better ________ the reawakening of interest in the steam engine (from advocates of carbon-neutral rail travel) reminds us that ostensibly obsolete technologies may be brought back into service to address society's changing needs.

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The first computerized spreadsheet, Dan Bricklin's _VisiCalc_, improved financial recordkeeping not only by providing users with an easy means of adjusting data in spreadsheets but also by automatically updating all calculations that were dependent on these ________ to VisiCalc's release, changing a paper spreadsheet often required redoing the entire sheet by hand, a process that could take days.

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Nine months before Rosa Parks made history by refusing to comply with the segregated seating policy on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, a fifteen-year-old Montgomery girl named Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same ________ to some historians, Colvin's arrest led to Parks's action and eventually to the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system.

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Santa Clara Pueblo artist Roxanne Swentzell's sculpture Mud Woman Rolls On consists of five human figures made of clay and plant fiber and arranged in descending size; each figure holds the smaller one in front of it. The arrangement of the figures, according to _______ represents her idea that “we all come from the Earth, generation after generation.”

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After the printing press was introduced in 1440, handwritten manuscripts from Europe's medieval period were often destroyed and the paper used for other purposes. In one instance, pages ________ a collection of Norse tales dating to 1270 were discovered lining a bishop's miter (hat).

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Smaller than poppy seeds, tardigrades are tiny, but they are tough. These minuscule animals can survive for thirty years without food or water, and ________ can withstand extreme temperatures as low as minus 328 degrees and as high as 304 degrees Fahrenheit.

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In paleontology, the term "Elvis taxon" gets applied to a newly identified living species that was once presumed to be extinct. Like an Elvis impersonator who might bear a striking resemblance to the late musical icon Elvis Presley himself, an Elvis taxon is not the real thing, _______ is a misidentified look-alike.

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From afar, African American fiber artist Bisa Butler's portraits look like paintings, their depictions of human faces, bodies, and clothing so intricate that it seems only a fine brush could have rendered them. When viewed up close, however, the portraits reveal themselves to be ________ stitching barely visible among the thousands of pieces of printed, microcut fabric.

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Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA's Harvest Africa initiative, gathers important data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn't just compile the ________ she also shares her findings with African farmers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions about managing critical food crops.

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Ten of William Shakespeare's plays are classified as histories. Although each one of these plays, which include Henry V and Richard III, ________ on a single historical figure (specifically, an English king), some, such as Henry VI Part One and Henry VI Part Two, feature different episodes from the same monarch's life.

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The city of Pompeii, which was buried in ash following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, continues to be studied by archaeologists. Unfortunately, as ________ attest, archaeological excavations have disrupted ash deposits at the site, causing valuable information about the eruption to be lost.

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Detroit natives Timothy Paule and Nicole Lindsey have combined their two passions, Detroit and beekeeping, to improve the health of their city’s flowers and other vegetation. In 2017, the couple converted a vacant lot in the city into an ________ in the years that followed they acquired nine additional lots and established more than 35 hives.

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In the early twentieth century, Joseph Kekuku and other Hawaiian ________ in the mainland United States to the bright and lifting sound of the kika kila, or Hawaiian steel guitar. The instrument soon became a fixture in American blues and country music.

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Hannah Miller, a genetics expert at Sydney University in Australia, recently discovered that ________ have a special genetic ability called RNA editing that confers evolutionary advantages.

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Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia, ________ may have begun much earlier.

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Literary agents estimate that more than half of all nonfiction books credited to a celebrity or other public figure are in fact written by ghostwriters, professional authors who are paid to write other ________ but whose names never appear on book covers.

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The classic children's board game Chutes and Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game, Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players encounter "good" or "bad" spaces while traveling along a path; landing on one of the good spaces ________ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to the end goal.

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In 1966, Emmett Ashford became the first African American to umpire a Major League Baseball game. His energetic gestures announcing when a player had struck out and his habit of barreling after a hit ball to see if it would land out of ________ transform the traditionally solemn umpire role into a dynamic one.

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